Q: What is the ruling of congregational prayer?
A: Performing the five-daily prayers in congregation is an individual obligation (Fard ‘Ayn) upon free mature men who have the ability to attend i.e. without excuse, even while traveling or in extreme fear. This is based on the statement of Allah, the Exalted,
"And when you (O Muhammad) are among them and lead them in prayer, let one party of them stand with you." (Al-Nisa 4:102)
The command (amr) in this verse indicates obligation, and since it applies even in a state of fear, it is even more appropriate in a state of safety.
It is also narrated that a blind man without a guide sought permission from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) to pray at home. The Prophet asked, "Do you hear the call to prayer?" The man replied, "Yes." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "Then respond to it.” (Narrated by Muslim)
Congregational prayer is not a condition for the validity of the prayer. Thus, the prayer of an individual without an excuse is valid but sinful, though it still carries some merit.
A congregation is established with at least two people and may consist of a male Imam and woman congregant, as supported by the hadith of Abu Musa, “Two or more constitute a congregation.” (Narrated by Ibn Majah)
It is recommended (sunnah) to perform congregational prayer in a masjid. However, one may also perform it at home or in an open area, as stated by the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), “The entire earth has been made a masjid and a means of purification. So, wherever a person finds himself when the time of prayer comes, let him pray there.” (Agreed upon)
Congregational prayer is also generally recommended for women even if led by a male Imam or another woman.
Source: Kashshaf al-Qina & Sharh Muntaha al-Iradat
Peace be upon you and Allah's mercy and blessings
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